1Energy Supply Parameters
kWh/year
= number of luminaires × power × operating hours per night × 365 (shown: 20 × 0.1 kW × 11 h × 365)
years
2Emission Parameters
gal/kWh
Typical 0.066–0.092 gal/kWh
lb CO₂/gal
Full life cycle incl. WTT: 26.3 (combustion 21.9)
lb CO₂/kWh
PV manufacturing full life cycle 0.110–0.198 lb/kWh
lb CO₂/year
15 kg/yr = 33 lb/yr
$ per tonne
USD per metric tonne (60 CNY/tonne ÷ 7.2 ≈ $8.33; US short ton = 2000 lb ≈ 0.907 t)
3Comparison Results
Emission Factor Reference
| Item | Emission Factor |
|---|---|
| Diesel combustion | 21.9 lb CO₂/gal |
| Diesel full life cycle (WTT) | 26.3 lb CO₂/gal |
| PV manufacturing embodied carbon | 0.110–0.198 lb/kWh |
| Grid electricity (US average) | 0.35–0.43 kg/kWh (0.77–0.95 lb/kWh) |